Two of the surveys had to be eliminated due to missing. Effective managers basically have an optimistic view of human naturetheory y. Theory x gives importance to supervision, while theory y stresses on rewards and recognition. Theory x and theory y of motivation explain with examples. In theory x type organization, management is authoritarian, and centralized control is maintained. Both the theories, which are very different from each other, are used by managers to motivate their employees. While in theory y type organization, the management style is participative, employees are involved decision making, but the power retains to implement decisions. Both spleen and anxiety belong to the earth, giving rise to a tcm theory stating that anxiety impairs spleen. Theory x management style generally get poor results compare with managers use theory y, which produces better performance and results, and allows people to grow and develop. Pdf spleen function and anxiety in chinese medicine. In 1960, douglas mcgregor formulated theory x and theory y suggesting two aspects of human behaviour at work, or in other words, two different views of individuals employees. The expenditure of physical and mental effort in work is as natural as play o restr.
The idea behind using letters x and y, perhaps seems to be using a. It encapsulated a fundamental distinction between management styles. Theory x management style generally get poor results compare with managers use theory y, which produces better performance and results, and allows people to. That history will explain why theory ys view of human nature is incomplete. Managers generally have one of two perspectives regarding their employees. The idea that a managers attitude has an impact on employee motivation was originally proposed by douglas mcgregor.
The theory x and theory y are the theories of motivation given by douglas mcgregor in 1960s. Mar 21, 20 theory x and theory y framework proposed by mcgregor in his classic book the human side of enterprise 1960 consists of two alternative set of assumptions. From this he formulated two models of management based on hierarchy into lowerorder needs theory x and higherorder needs theory y. Since their style of directing is encouraging, it only becomes a problem when its noticeably disingenuous or ineffective with the team as a whole. Theory x and theory y are still referred to regularly in the fields of. Theory y principles to encourage knowledge sharing and continuous improvement. Mcgregors theory x and theory y are theories about human behavior and motivation in the organization that was published in 1960 by douglas mcgregor. Theory y maintains that human beings are active rather than passive shapers of. First, there has been a failure to distinguish between theory xy attitudes and theory xy behaviors. Either theory x or theory y assumptions may be appropriate in a particular situation. Kopelman and others published theory x and theory y published in the sage encyclopedia of management theories find, read and cite all the research you need on. Leadership style and organizational performance have been researched extensively. Feedback from a theory x and theory y perspective design shack. Mar 08, 2008 theory x and theory y pertain to employee motivation and have been used in human resource management, organizational behavior analysis, and organizational development.
Douglas mcgregor 1906 1964 is one of the forefathers of management theory and one of the top business thinkers. Motivating people using theory x and theory y youtube. Theory x and theory y management applicationbusiness implications for workforce motivation. The relationship between mcgregors xy theory management. Xteorin och yteorin ar teorier rorande arbetsmotivation, ledarskap och chefskap. Pdf theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and. Edwards deming w edwards deming was an american statistician who is associated with the rise of japan as a manufacturing nation.
Theory x, theory y the mit campaign for a better world. Jan 28, 2017 douglas mcgregor introduced two theories called as theory x and theory y based on the distinct views of human beings. Explanation of fourteen points of management by edward deming. Theory x and theory y behavior scale kopelman, prottas, and falk, 2008. Jul 08, 2017 on the other extreme, theory y is diametrically opposite to theory x which shows the modern and dynamic approach to individuals and relies on the assumptions that are practical in nature.
They were created by douglas mcgregor while he was working at the mit. Theory x and theory y of motivation by mcgregors external motivation includes the forces which exist inside the individuals as well as the controlled by the manager, including items such as salaries, working conditions, company policy and job content items, such as recognition. It was in 1957 that douglas mcgregor first proposed the concept of theory x and theory y in. The x y theory questionnaire page 1 of 2 indicates whether the situation and management style is the x or y style. Small business owners in the sishane lighting and chandelier district. This theory divides workers and managers in the organization in two typical groups according to how managers lead their subordinates and respectively how subordinates behave. Douglas mcgregor 1906 1964 was a lecturer at harvard university and became the first sloan fellows professor at mit his theory x and theory y was detailed in the human side of enterprise, published in 1960. Application of theory x and y in classroom management by. Theory x and theory y was an idea devised by douglas mcgregor see article in his 1960 book the human side of enterprise. However, the literature has a limited number of studies concerning organizational performance of small and medium businesses, even less research on the impact on organizational performance of theory x and theory y type leadership styles. Under this theory, the employees are highly selfmotivated, and they need little encouragement from upper management to deliver quality results on a day to day basis. So they must be controlled and coerced to get the job done.
Read this article to learn about mcgregors theory of x and theory y. Theory x employees are specialized and the same work cycle continues. Theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its impact on organizational performance. In 1960, douglas mcgregor formulated theory x and theory y suggesting two aspects of human behaviour at work, or in other words, two different views of. According to tcm theory, the spleen, as one of the five zang i. The result was theory za development beyond theory x and theory y that blended the best of eastern and western management practices. Douglas mcgregor is the one who constructed theory x and y in the 1960s. Theory x, theory y, and theory z introduction to business.
They were created by douglas mcgregor while he was working at the mit sloan school of management in the 1950s, and developed further in the 1960s. These findings are particularly relevant to the clonal selection theory of antibody. How american management can meet the japanese challenge. Theory x and y created by mcgregor has been a valid basic principle from which to develop positive management style and techniques. Much more difficult to receive, from a feedback perspective, is a strictly theory x approach. In actual practice, most managers today practice a combination of theory x and theory y styles of management. Theory y put forward the idea that management by objectives and involving workers in the decisionmaking process would lead to the creation of a satisfied and more productive workforce. Motivation, theory x and y, classroom, management manager and organisation introduction douglas mcgregor, an american social psychologist, proposed his famous theory x and y in his book the human side of enterprise in 1960. Theory x and theory y mcgregor suggests that there are two fundamental approaches to managing people applies self control and self direction in the pursuit of organizational objectives theories in the 21st century theory y today in the 21st century, there is an emphasis on. Many years ago a professor named mcgregor dubbed these perspectives theory x and theory y. Today, its widely accepted that good management requires a theory y orientation. X y attitudes and theory x y behaviors and 2 to demonstrate that the theory is. In his 1960 book, the human side of enterprise, douglas mcgregor proposed two theories by which to view employee motivation.
You may, however, find that you naturally favor one over the other. Control, achievement and continuous improvement achieved by enabling, empowering and giving responsibility. Most managers will likely use a mixture of theory x and theory y. Many years ago a professor named douglas mcgregor dubbed these perspectives theory x and theory y. Get an answer for compare the theory x, theory y, and theory z assumptions of human relations. Douglas mcgregor, through his wellknown theory x and theory y, drew a distinction between the assumptions about human motivation which underlie these. Mcgregor promoted theory y as the basis of good management practice, pioneering the argument that workers are not merely cogs in the company machinery, as theory x type organizations seemed to believe. Theory x assumes that people dislike work and will avoid doing anything they dont have to do. External control threas an odft th punishmene t are not the only means for bringin abou effortg t toward organizational objectives. These theories are based on the premise that management has to assemble all the factors of production, including human beings, to get the work done. A theorist who argued two set of assumption theory x and. A theorist who argued two set of assumption theory x and theory y. He avoided descriptive labels and simply called the theories theory x and theory y. Theory y management style is suited to knowledge work and professional services.
Theory x and theory y are theories of human motivation created and developed by douglas mcgregor in the 1960s. Theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its impact. Theory x and theory y team management training from. If theory y holds, an organization can apply these principles of scientific management to improve employee motivation. Empxtrack an integrated human capital and talent management tool is based on such theories and helps organizations to transform their human resource practices. In the 1960s, social psychologist douglas mcgregor developed two contrasting theories that explained how managers beliefs about what motivates their people. Ouchis theory first appeared in his 1981 book, theory z.
Theory x and theory y are theories of human work motivation and management. According to tcm theory, overfocusing or overthinking on one subject will lead to anxiety, with resultant dysfunction in the transport of water and nutrients around the body and the stagnation of qi energy nutrients. You may be theory n 65 theory y, on the other operate hand fro,s m opposite premises. Ineffective managers, by contrast, tend to assume that people are lazy and unreliabletheory x.
We should emphasize that we have labeled these assumptions as a step beyond theory y because of mcgregors own recognition that the theory y assumptions would probably be supplanted by new. Mcgregors xy theory is a natural rule for managing people. Comparative analysis of theory x, theory y, theory z, and theory. Theory x and y were created and developed by douglas mcgregor at the mit sloan school of management in the 1960s 2. Theory x percieves employees to be lazy, irresponsible and untrustworthy, while according to theory y employees are approached as one of the most valuable assets of the company. Difference between theory x and theory y with comparison. You might, for instance, have a tendency to micromanage or, conversely, you may prefer to take a more handsoff approach. Theory x or theory y,douglas mcgregor proposed two models of trust that formed the basis of two different managerial approaches, one based on a positive. Mcgregor considered theory x and theory y as two perspectives of administration action. Theory x and theory y are part of motivational theories.
Skapa en bok ladda ner som pdf utskriftsvanlig version. As you would expect, theory y sees motivation in the opposite manner of theory x. Theory x the theory leads to mistrust, highly restrictive supervision, a punitive atmosphere, threat and coercion to gain employees compliance theory x managers feel the sole purpose of the employees interest in the job is money they will blame the person, without questioning whether it may be the system. Mcgregors theory x and y douglas mcgregor wrote the book the human side of enterprise in 1960 he examined individuals behaviour at work. Enligt teori x ar manniskan av naturen ovillig att arbeta och anstranga sig. These theories describe two contrasting models of workforce motivation in human resource management, organizational behavior, organizational communication and organizational development. Fortythree years ago, douglas mcgregors the human side of enterprise offered managers a new assumption of management theory y, which would be. Theory xy douglas mcgregor and theory z william ouichi. The xy theory diagram and measurement tool below pdf and doc versions are. Theory x says that the average human being is lazy and self. Motivation theory x and theory y free management books. Mcgregors ideas suggest that there are two fundamental approaches to managing people. Theory y managers are obviously the easiest to handle.
In this article, we are going to talk about the major differences between theory x and theory y. Douglas mcgregor has developed two sets of assumptions about human behaviour. Mcgregors theory x and theory y theory of motivation. The three prior studies that have made this distinction were recently conducted solely to develop constructvalid measures of both.
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